EU:s sammanhållningspolitik och regionala skillnader 2006–2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30677/terra.89774Avainsanat:
Territorial Cohesion Development Index, cohesion policy, core–periphery, regional development, koheesiopolitiikka, keskus–periferia, aluekehitysAbstrakti
The effects of the EU Cohesion Policy are debated, and while some studies find positive effects, others point to negative effects. Many of the methodological approaches that have so far been used to measure the EU Cohesion Policy are simple benchmarking exercises, focusing on a few indicators covering a short time period. Other evaluations are fragmented, qualitative in nature, and narrow in scope. This paper aims at analysing the EU Cohesion Policy and its impact for the period 2006–2016. We construct a Territorial Cohesion Development Index with target posts in order to analyse the impact at a NUTS2 level. The findings indicate that bigger cities and highly urbanised regions in Central Europe benefited the most from the policy, while non-core and peripheral regions fell further behind.
Lähdeviitteet
Bachtler J. Begg I, Charles D and Polverari L (2016) The long-term effectiveness of EU Cohesion Policy: assessing the achievements of the ERDF, 1989–2012. In: Bachtler J, Berkowitz P, Hardy S and Muravska T (eds) EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction. London: Routledge
Bachtler J, Polverari L, Oraz E H, Clement K and Tödtling-Schönhofer H (2009) Ex post evaluation of cohesion policy programmes 2000–2006 co-financed by the ERDF (objective 1 and 2): Management and implementation systems for cohesion policy. Report to the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
Bakucs Z, Fertő I, Varga A and Benedek Z (2018) Impact of European Union development subsidies on Hungarian regions. European Planning Studies, p. 1-16, Published online: 18 Feb 2018, DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2018.1437394.
Barca F (2009) An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy, A Place Based Approach to Meeting European Union Challenges and Expectations. Independent report prepared at the request of Danuta Hubner, Commissioner for Regional Policy.
Becker S O, Egger P H and von Ehrlich M (2012) Too much of a good thing? On the growth effects of the EU’s regional policy. European Economic Review 56(4): 648-668.
Becker S O, Egger P H and von Ehrlich M (2018) Effects of EU Regional Policy: 1989-2013. Regional Science and Urban Economics 69: 143-152.
Böhme K, Douchet P, Komornicki T, Zaucha J and Swiatek D (2011) How to strengthen the territorial dimension of ‘Europe 2020’ and the Cohesion Policy. A report prepared at the request of the Polish EU Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Warsaw, Ministry of Regional Development.
Bradley J (2006) Evaluating the impact of European Union Cohesion policy in less-developed countries and regions. Regional Studies 40(2): 189-200.
Camagni R and Capello R (2015a) Rationale and design of EU cohesion policies in a period of crisis. Regional Science Policy and Practice 7(1): 25-49.
Camagni R and Capello R (2015b) Second-Rank City Dynamics: Theoretical Interpretations Behind Their Growth Potentials. European Planning Studies 23(6): 1041-1053.
Capello R, Caragliu A and Fratesi U (2015) Spatial heterogeneity in the costs of the economic crisis in Europe: are cities sources of regional resilience? Journal of Economic Geography 15 (5): 951-972.
Cappelen A, Castellacci F, Fagerberg J and Verspagen B (2003) The Impact of EU Regional Support on Growth and Convergence in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 41(4): 621-644.
CEC (2001) Unity, Solidarity, Diversity for Europe, its People and its Territory, Second Report on Economic and Social Cohesion. Brussels: European Commission.
CEC (2004) A New Partnership for Cohesion: Convergence, Competitiveness, Cooperation. Third Report on Economic and Social Cohesion. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
CEC (2007) Growing Regions, Growing Europe. Fourth report on economic and social cohesion. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
CEC (2010a) Europe 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020 final
CEC (2010b). Investing in Europe’s Future. Fifth Report in Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union
CEC (2014) Investment for jobs and growth. Sixth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
CEC (2016) Investing in Europe’s Youth. COM(2016) 940 final
CEC (2017) My Region, My Europe, Our Future. Seventh report on economic, social and territorial cohesion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Clifton J, Diaz-Fuentes D and Fernandez-Gutíerrez M (2015) Public Infrastructure Services in the European Union: Challenges for Territorial Cohesion. Regional Studies 50(2): 358-373.
Dijkstra L and Athanasoglou S (2015) The Europe 2020 index: The progress of EU countries, regions and cities. Regional Focus Working Paper 01/2015.
Dijkstra L, Garcilazo E and McCann P (2013) The economic performance of European cities and city regions: Myths and realities. European Planning Studies 21(3): 334–354.
ESPON (2011) Typology compilation. https://www.espon.eu/tools-maps/regional-typologies [accessed on 15th May 2019].
Essletzbichler J, Disslbacher F and Moser M (2018) The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote: a comparative analysis of three recent electoral decisions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(1): 73-94.
Faludi A (2006) From European spatial development to territorial cohesion policy. Regional Studies 40(6): 667–678.
Faludi A (2016a) The territoriality of cohesion policy. In: Piattoni Sand Polverani L (eds) Handbook on cohesion policy in the EU. London: Edward Elgar.
Faludi A (2016b) EU territorial cohesion, a contradiction in terms. Planning Theory & Practice 17(2): 302–313.
Faludi A, Stead D and Humer A (2015) Services of General Interest, Territorial Cohesion and Competitiveness in Europe. In: Fassmann H, Rauhut D, Marques da Costa E and Humer A (eds) Services of General Interest and Territorial Cohesion: European Perspectives and National Insights. Göttingen: V&R Univie Press.
Fratesi U and Rodríguez-Pose A (2016) The crisis and regional employment in Europe: what role for sheltered economies? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 9(1): 33-57.
Gagliardi L and Perocco M (2017) The impact of European Cohesion Policy in urban and rural regions. Regional Studies 51(6): 857-868.
Gruber E, Rauhut D and Humer A (2018) Territorial Cohesion under pressure? Welfare policy and planning responses in Austrian and Swedish peripheries. Papers in Regional Science 98(1): 115-132.
Hadjimichalis C (2011) Uneven geographical development and socio-spatial justice and solidarity: European regions after the 2009 financial crisis. European Urban and Regional Studies 18(3): 254–274.
Hamez G (2005) Territorial Cohesion: How to Operationalize and Measure the Concept? Planning Theory & Practice 6(3): 400-402.
Hanell T (2015) Measuring territorial cohesion: A macro regional approach. In: Lang T, Henn S, Sgibnev W and Ehrlich K (eds) Understanding geographies of polarization and peripheralization. Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe and beyond. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Isola F, Leone F and Pira C (2017) Towards a regional urban agenda: approaches and tools, Regional Studies, Regional Science 4(1): 181-188.
Lobao L, Gray M, Cox K and Kitson M (2018) The shrinking state? Understanding the assault on the public sector. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(3): 389-408.
Marques da Costa E, Palma P, Rauhut D, Humer A, Constantin D, & Velasco X (2013) What indicators to use when measuring services of general interests? Europa XXI 23: 78-28.
Medeiros E (2013) Assessing territorial impacts of the EU Cohesion Policy: the Portuguese case. European Planning Studies 22 (9): 1960-1988
Medve-Bálint G (2016) Funds for the wealthy and the politically loyal? How EU Funds may contribute to increasing regional disparities in East Central Europe. In: Bachtler J, Berkowitz P, Hardy S and Muravska T (eds) EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction. London: Routledge.
Meijers E and Sandberg K (2008) Reducing Regional Disparities by Means of Polycentric Development: Panacea or Placebo? Scienze Regionali 7(2): 71-96.
Mendez C (2011) The Lisbonization of EU Cohesion Policy: A Successful Case of Experimentalist Governance? European Planning Studies 19(3): 519-537.
Mohl P and Hagen T (2010) Do EU structural funds promote regional growth? New evidence from various panel data approaches. Regional Science and Urban Economics 40(5): 353–365.
Molle W (2007) European cohesion policy. London: Routledge.
Partridge M D, Rickman D S, Rose Olfert M and Tan Y (2015) When Spatial Equilibrium Fails: Is Place-Based Policy Second Best? Regional Studies 49(8): 1303-1325.
Pellegrini G, Terribile F, Tarola O, Muccigrosso T and Busillo F (2012) Measuring the effects of European Regional Policy on economic growth: A regression discontinuity approach. Papers in Regional Science 92(1): 217-234.
Rauhut, D. (2018) A Rawls-Sen Approach to Spatial Injustice. Social Science Spectrum 4(3), 109-122.
Rauhut D and Humer A (2020) The EU Cohesion Policy and Spatial Economic Growth: Trajectories in Economic Thought. European Planning Studies, Published online 4 January 2020. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1709416.
Rodríguez-Pose A (2018) The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(1): 189-209.
Servillo L (2019) Tailored polities in the shadow of the state’s hierarchy. The CLLD implementation and a future research agenda. European Planning Studies, online 21 January 2019. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1569595
Solly A (2016) Place-based innovation in Cohesion Policy: meeting and measuring the challenges. Regional Studies, Regional Science 3(1): 193-198.
UNDP (2016a) Human Development Report 2016. New York: UN
UNDP (2016b) Technical Notes – Calculating the human development indices. New York: UN
Ward T and Wolleb E (2010) Ex-Post Evaluation of Cohesion Policy Programmes 2000-2006 financed by the European Regional Development Fund in Objective 1 and 2 Regions. Brussels: CEC.
World Bank (2018) World Bank database, https://data.worldbank.org (accessed on 12.2.2018).
Zaucha J and Böhme K (2019) Measuring territorial cohesion is not a mission impossible. European Planning Studies, published online 18 April 2019, DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1607827
Zaucha J, Komornicki T, Böhme K, Swiatek D and Zuber P (2014) Territorial Keys for Bringing Closer the Territorial Agenda of the EU and Europe 2020. European Planning Studies 22(2): 246-267.
Bachtler J, Polverari L, Oraz E H, Clement K and Tödtling-Schönhofer H (2009) Ex post evaluation of cohesion policy programmes 2000–2006 co-financed by the ERDF (objective 1 and 2): Management and implementation systems for cohesion policy. Report to the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
Bakucs Z, Fertő I, Varga A and Benedek Z (2018) Impact of European Union development subsidies on Hungarian regions. European Planning Studies, p. 1-16, Published online: 18 Feb 2018, DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2018.1437394.
Barca F (2009) An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy, A Place Based Approach to Meeting European Union Challenges and Expectations. Independent report prepared at the request of Danuta Hubner, Commissioner for Regional Policy.
Becker S O, Egger P H and von Ehrlich M (2012) Too much of a good thing? On the growth effects of the EU’s regional policy. European Economic Review 56(4): 648-668.
Becker S O, Egger P H and von Ehrlich M (2018) Effects of EU Regional Policy: 1989-2013. Regional Science and Urban Economics 69: 143-152.
Böhme K, Douchet P, Komornicki T, Zaucha J and Swiatek D (2011) How to strengthen the territorial dimension of ‘Europe 2020’ and the Cohesion Policy. A report prepared at the request of the Polish EU Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Warsaw, Ministry of Regional Development.
Bradley J (2006) Evaluating the impact of European Union Cohesion policy in less-developed countries and regions. Regional Studies 40(2): 189-200.
Camagni R and Capello R (2015a) Rationale and design of EU cohesion policies in a period of crisis. Regional Science Policy and Practice 7(1): 25-49.
Camagni R and Capello R (2015b) Second-Rank City Dynamics: Theoretical Interpretations Behind Their Growth Potentials. European Planning Studies 23(6): 1041-1053.
Capello R, Caragliu A and Fratesi U (2015) Spatial heterogeneity in the costs of the economic crisis in Europe: are cities sources of regional resilience? Journal of Economic Geography 15 (5): 951-972.
Cappelen A, Castellacci F, Fagerberg J and Verspagen B (2003) The Impact of EU Regional Support on Growth and Convergence in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 41(4): 621-644.
CEC (2001) Unity, Solidarity, Diversity for Europe, its People and its Territory, Second Report on Economic and Social Cohesion. Brussels: European Commission.
CEC (2004) A New Partnership for Cohesion: Convergence, Competitiveness, Cooperation. Third Report on Economic and Social Cohesion. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
CEC (2007) Growing Regions, Growing Europe. Fourth report on economic and social cohesion. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
CEC (2010a) Europe 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020 final
CEC (2010b). Investing in Europe’s Future. Fifth Report in Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union
CEC (2014) Investment for jobs and growth. Sixth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
CEC (2016) Investing in Europe’s Youth. COM(2016) 940 final
CEC (2017) My Region, My Europe, Our Future. Seventh report on economic, social and territorial cohesion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Clifton J, Diaz-Fuentes D and Fernandez-Gutíerrez M (2015) Public Infrastructure Services in the European Union: Challenges for Territorial Cohesion. Regional Studies 50(2): 358-373.
Dijkstra L and Athanasoglou S (2015) The Europe 2020 index: The progress of EU countries, regions and cities. Regional Focus Working Paper 01/2015.
Dijkstra L, Garcilazo E and McCann P (2013) The economic performance of European cities and city regions: Myths and realities. European Planning Studies 21(3): 334–354.
ESPON (2011) Typology compilation. https://www.espon.eu/tools-maps/regional-typologies [accessed on 15th May 2019].
Essletzbichler J, Disslbacher F and Moser M (2018) The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote: a comparative analysis of three recent electoral decisions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(1): 73-94.
Faludi A (2006) From European spatial development to territorial cohesion policy. Regional Studies 40(6): 667–678.
Faludi A (2016a) The territoriality of cohesion policy. In: Piattoni Sand Polverani L (eds) Handbook on cohesion policy in the EU. London: Edward Elgar.
Faludi A (2016b) EU territorial cohesion, a contradiction in terms. Planning Theory & Practice 17(2): 302–313.
Faludi A, Stead D and Humer A (2015) Services of General Interest, Territorial Cohesion and Competitiveness in Europe. In: Fassmann H, Rauhut D, Marques da Costa E and Humer A (eds) Services of General Interest and Territorial Cohesion: European Perspectives and National Insights. Göttingen: V&R Univie Press.
Fratesi U and Rodríguez-Pose A (2016) The crisis and regional employment in Europe: what role for sheltered economies? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 9(1): 33-57.
Gagliardi L and Perocco M (2017) The impact of European Cohesion Policy in urban and rural regions. Regional Studies 51(6): 857-868.
Gruber E, Rauhut D and Humer A (2018) Territorial Cohesion under pressure? Welfare policy and planning responses in Austrian and Swedish peripheries. Papers in Regional Science 98(1): 115-132.
Hadjimichalis C (2011) Uneven geographical development and socio-spatial justice and solidarity: European regions after the 2009 financial crisis. European Urban and Regional Studies 18(3): 254–274.
Hamez G (2005) Territorial Cohesion: How to Operationalize and Measure the Concept? Planning Theory & Practice 6(3): 400-402.
Hanell T (2015) Measuring territorial cohesion: A macro regional approach. In: Lang T, Henn S, Sgibnev W and Ehrlich K (eds) Understanding geographies of polarization and peripheralization. Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe and beyond. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Isola F, Leone F and Pira C (2017) Towards a regional urban agenda: approaches and tools, Regional Studies, Regional Science 4(1): 181-188.
Lobao L, Gray M, Cox K and Kitson M (2018) The shrinking state? Understanding the assault on the public sector. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(3): 389-408.
Marques da Costa E, Palma P, Rauhut D, Humer A, Constantin D, & Velasco X (2013) What indicators to use when measuring services of general interests? Europa XXI 23: 78-28.
Medeiros E (2013) Assessing territorial impacts of the EU Cohesion Policy: the Portuguese case. European Planning Studies 22 (9): 1960-1988
Medve-Bálint G (2016) Funds for the wealthy and the politically loyal? How EU Funds may contribute to increasing regional disparities in East Central Europe. In: Bachtler J, Berkowitz P, Hardy S and Muravska T (eds) EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction. London: Routledge.
Meijers E and Sandberg K (2008) Reducing Regional Disparities by Means of Polycentric Development: Panacea or Placebo? Scienze Regionali 7(2): 71-96.
Mendez C (2011) The Lisbonization of EU Cohesion Policy: A Successful Case of Experimentalist Governance? European Planning Studies 19(3): 519-537.
Mohl P and Hagen T (2010) Do EU structural funds promote regional growth? New evidence from various panel data approaches. Regional Science and Urban Economics 40(5): 353–365.
Molle W (2007) European cohesion policy. London: Routledge.
Partridge M D, Rickman D S, Rose Olfert M and Tan Y (2015) When Spatial Equilibrium Fails: Is Place-Based Policy Second Best? Regional Studies 49(8): 1303-1325.
Pellegrini G, Terribile F, Tarola O, Muccigrosso T and Busillo F (2012) Measuring the effects of European Regional Policy on economic growth: A regression discontinuity approach. Papers in Regional Science 92(1): 217-234.
Rauhut, D. (2018) A Rawls-Sen Approach to Spatial Injustice. Social Science Spectrum 4(3), 109-122.
Rauhut D and Humer A (2020) The EU Cohesion Policy and Spatial Economic Growth: Trajectories in Economic Thought. European Planning Studies, Published online 4 January 2020. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1709416.
Rodríguez-Pose A (2018) The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11(1): 189-209.
Servillo L (2019) Tailored polities in the shadow of the state’s hierarchy. The CLLD implementation and a future research agenda. European Planning Studies, online 21 January 2019. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1569595
Solly A (2016) Place-based innovation in Cohesion Policy: meeting and measuring the challenges. Regional Studies, Regional Science 3(1): 193-198.
UNDP (2016a) Human Development Report 2016. New York: UN
UNDP (2016b) Technical Notes – Calculating the human development indices. New York: UN
Ward T and Wolleb E (2010) Ex-Post Evaluation of Cohesion Policy Programmes 2000-2006 financed by the European Regional Development Fund in Objective 1 and 2 Regions. Brussels: CEC.
World Bank (2018) World Bank database, https://data.worldbank.org (accessed on 12.2.2018).
Zaucha J and Böhme K (2019) Measuring territorial cohesion is not a mission impossible. European Planning Studies, published online 18 April 2019, DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2019.1607827
Zaucha J, Komornicki T, Böhme K, Swiatek D and Zuber P (2014) Territorial Keys for Bringing Closer the Territorial Agenda of the EU and Europe 2020. European Planning Studies 22(2): 246-267.
